Oklahoma, home of diversity in education.

[Gawdzilla Sama]

=http://www.kten.com/Global/story.asp?S ... ic Schools

OKLAHOMA--It's been a controversial iss ... education.

Balance of article and video at URL above.

[Gawdzilla Sama]

Well, that was one soup sandwich of a post. More coffee, please.

[GenesForLife]

"The main fallacy with Darwinian theory," he argued, "is the sudden appearance at about 540 million years [ago] of fossil records. It's like a guy standing at the chalkboard and saying okay here's an atom [and then writing] question mark, question mark, human--here we are. But its fact, and there's zero evidence to back it up."

Fooking nonsense, I have no less than nine papers in my archive on Precambrian fossils, this cretinous fuckwit is lying through his teeth when he says "zero evidence", maybe the twerp should stick to politics and not comment on something he knows sweet fuck all about.

[GenesForLife]

Links to the resources in question are in the post that follows.

The fossil Kimberella quadrata was originally described from late Precambrian rocks of southern Australia1. Reconstructed as a jellyfish2, it was later assigned to the cubozoans ('box jellies'), and has been cited as a clear instance of an extant animal lineage present before the Cambrian3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Until recently, Kimberella was known only from Australia, with the exception of some questionable north Indian specimens8. We now have over thirty-five specimens of this fossil from the Winter Coast of the White Sea in northern Russia. Our study of the new material does not support a cnidarian affinity. We reconstruct Kimberella as a bilaterally symmetrical, benthic animal with a non-mineralized, univalved shell, resembling a mollusc in many respects. This is important evidence for the existence of large triploblastic metazoans in the Precambrian and indicates that the origin of the higher groups of protostomes lies well back in the Precambrian.

Full paper at http://www2.nau.edu/~bio222-c/Reserve%2 ... l_1997.pdf

Oh look, strong evidence for triploblastic bilateral organisms long before anything near the Cambrian period.

http://palaeontology.palass-pubs.org/pd ... 99-628.pdf This paper explores the late precambrian ediacaran fauna and establishes the presence of fossils of at least fifteen different species in the primary search site alone. Reality sticking yet another middle finger to apologetic excrement.

The evolutionary divergence of cnidarian and bilaterian lineages from their remote metazoan ancestor occurred at an unknown depth in time before the Cambrian, since crown group representatives of each are found in Lower Cambrian fossil assemblages. We report here a variety of putative embryonic, larval, and adult microfossils deriving from Precambrian phosphorite deposits of Southwest China, which may predate the Cambrian radiation by 25–45 million years. These are most probably of cnidarian affinity. Large numbers of fossilized early planula-like larvae were observed under the microscope in sections. Though several forms are represented, the majority display remarkable conformity, which is inconsistent with the alternative that they are artifactual mineral inclusions. Some of these fossils are preserved in such high resolution that individual cells can be discerned. We confirm in detail an earlier report of the presence in the same deposits of tabulates, an extinct crown group anthozoan form. Other sections reveal structures that most closely resemble sections of basal modern corals. A large number of fossils similar to modern hydrozoan gastrulae were also observed. These again displayed great morphological consistency. Though only a single example is available, a microscopic animal remarkably similar to a modern adult hydrozoan is also presented. Taken together, the new observations reported in this paper indicate the existence of a diverse and already differentiated cnidarian fauna, long before the Cambrian evolutionary event. It follows that at least stem group bilaterians must also have been present at this time.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_o ... archtype=a

A range of fossils in the Precambrian exhibiting the presence of radially symmetrical organisms 25-45 million years ago BEFORE the Cambrian, establishing that the Radially symmetric organisms had already diverged from Stem group bilaterians way before the Cambrian.

Full paper here https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/sdornbos/ww ... 202002.pdf

Abstract

The discovery of Precambrian microfossils in 1954 opened a new vista of investigations in the field of evolution of life. Although the Precambrian encompasses 87% of the earth's history, the pace of organismal evolution was quite slow. The life forms as categorised today in the three principal domains viz. the Bacteria, the Archaea and the Eucarya evolved during this period. In this paper, we review the advancements made in the Precambrian palaeontology and its contribution in understanding the evolution of life forms on earth. These studies have enriched the data base on the Precambrian life. Most of the direct evidence includes fossil prokaryotes, protists, advanced algal fossils, acritarchs, and the indirect evidence is represented by the stromatolites, trace fossils and geochemical fossils signatures. The Precambrian fossils are preserved in the form of compressions, impressions, and permineralized and biomineralized remains.

Full paper here http://www.ias.ac.in/jbiosci/nov2009/765.pdf

This paper establishes the presence of the three major domains of life well before the cambrian, some of these fossils are reported in the paper to date back to 580 million years ago. That is a full Forty Million years before the onset of the Cambrian.

Abstract

Three-dimensionally preserved embryos from the Precambrian Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation, Weng'an, Guizhou, southern China, have attracted great attention as the oldest fossil evidence yet found for multicellular animal life on Earth. Many embryos are early cleavage embryos and most of them yield a limited phylogenetic signal. Here we report the discovery of two Doushantuo embryos that are three-dimensionally preserved and complex. Imaging techniques using propagation phase-contrast based synchrotron radiation microtomography (PPC-SR-microCT) reveal that the organization of cells demonstrates several bilaterian features, including the formation of anterior-posterior, dorso-ventral, and right-left polarities, and cell differentiation. Unexpectedly, our observations show a noticeable difference in organization patterns between the embryos, suggesting that they represent two distinct taxa. These embryos provide further evidence for the presence of bilaterian animals in the Doushantuo biota. Furthermore, these bilaterians had already diverged into distantly related groups at least 40 million years before the Cambrian radiation, indicating that the last common ancestor of the bilaterians lived much earlier than is usually thought.

Full paper at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article ... ool=pubmed

One more nail in the coffin of the Cambrian Explosion canard.

Abstract

Deuterostomes are a monophyletic group of animals that include the vertebrates, invertebrate chordates, ambulacrarians and xenoturbellids. Fossil representatives from most major deuterostome groups, including some phylum-level crown groups, are found in the Lower Cambrian, suggesting that evolutionary divergence occurred in the Late Precambrian, in agreement with some molecular clock estimates. Molecular phylogenies, larval morphology and the adult heart/kidney complex all support echinoderms and hemichordates as a sister grouping (Ambulacraria). Xenoturbellids are a relatively newly discovered phylum of worm-like deuterostomes that lacks a fossil record, but molecular evidence suggests that these animals are a sister group to the Ambulacraria. Within the chordates, cephalochordates share large stretches of chromosomal synteny with the vertebrates, have a complete Hox complex and are sister group to the vertebrates based on ribosomal and mitochondrial gene evidence. In contrast, tunicates have a highly derived adult body plan and are sister group to the vertebrates based on the analyses of concatenated genomic sequences. Cephalochordates and hemichordates share gill slits and an acellular cartilage, suggesting that the ancestral deuterostome also shared these features. Gene network data suggest that the deuterostome ancestor had an anterior-posterior body axis specified by Hox and Wnt genes, a dorsoventral axis specified by a BMP/chordin gradient, and was bilaterally symmetrical with left-right asymmetry determined by expression of nodal.

Full paper here at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article ... ool=pubmed

Multiple, concordant lines of evidence also indicate that Deuterostomes originated in the late Precambrian too, this group also includes vertebrates and invertebrate chordates, yet another blow to the Cambrian explosion canard.

Yet another example of the above being supported by concordant lines of evidence includes this

Abstract

The phylogenetic relationships among deuterostome animals have been debated for many years, and a diversity of hypotheses have been proposed based on both morphological and molecular data. Here we have assembled sequences of 217 nuclear-encoded proteins to address specific questions concerning their relationships and times of origin. We recovered significant support for urochordates as the closest relative of vertebrates with an analysis of 59 proteins (17,400 amino acids) and suggest that the basal position of urochordates found in previous molecular studies may have been the result of long-branch attraction biases. Our results also support Ambulacraria, the pairing of hemichordates with echinoderms (nine proteins; 2,382 amino acids), and Cyclostomata, the pairing of lampreys with hagfish (25 proteins; 6,895 amino acids). In addition, 325 shared proteins (102,110 amino acids) were obtained from the complete genomes of six vertebrates and a urochordate for phylogenetic analysis and divergence time estimation. An evolutionary timescale was estimated using a local (Bayesian) molecular clock method. We found that most major lineages of deuterostomes arose prior to the Cambrian Explosion of fossils (approximately 520 MYA) and that several lineages had originated before periods of global glaciation in the Precambrian.

Full paper here http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidl ... d=16049193

Abstract

In 1859, in On the Origin of Species, Darwin broached what he regarded to be the most vexing problem facing his theory of evolution-the lack of a rich fossil record predating the rise of shelly invertebrates that marks the beginning of the Cambrian Period of geologic time ( approximately 550 million years ago), an "inexplicable" absence that could be "truly urged as a valid argument" against his all embracing synthesis. For more than 100 years, the "missing Precambrian history of life" stood out as one of the greatest unsolved mysteries in natural science. But in recent decades, understanding of life's history has changed markedly as the documented fossil record has been extended seven-fold to some 3,500 million years ago, an age more than three-quarters that of the planet itself. This long-sought solution to Darwin's dilemma was set in motion by a small vanguard of workers who blazed the trail in the 1950s and 1960s, just as their course was charted by a few pioneering pathfinders of the previous century, a history of bold pronouncements, dashed dreams, search, and final discovery.

So sad for exponents of the Cambrian explosion canard, ey?

Full paper at http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view ... d=10860955

Back to our Chinese hunting ground for a while.

Abstract

Putative fossil embryos and larvae from the Precambrian phosphorite rocks of the Doushantuo Formation in Southwest China have been examined in thin section by bright field and polarized light microscopy. Although we cannot completely exclude a nonbiological or nonmetazoan origin, we identified what appear to be modern cnidarian developmental stages, including both anthozoan planula larvae and hydrozoan embryos. Most importantly, the sections contain a variety of small (</=200 microm) structures that greatly resemble gastrula stage embryos of modern bilaterian forms.

http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view ... d=10781044

Corroborates the existence of both Radially symmetric organisms and Bilateral organisms in the Precambrian.

There endeth a brief exposition of why the Cambrian Explosion Canard is a canard.[/quote]

[Berthold]

I protest!

They are denying an appropriate opportunity of presentation to the invisible dragon that lives in my loo. This marvellous entity is the true origin of life, the universe, and everything.

[Iratus Ranunculus]

This shit will be struck down by the courts so fast, your head will spin and you will begin masturbating with a crucifix.

Of course, even if it gets upheld, it will only turn OKlahoma into a state full of uneducated untermenschen...oh...wait...